Effect of single-administration of D-sorbitol pretreatment on the bitterness and continued willingness to take asenapine: a randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial.

BACKGROUND: Asenapine has unique orally-related side effects, such as a bitter taste induced by sublingual administration, which often results in discontinuation of the medication. While the FDA has approved black-cherry-flavored asenapine, several countries have prescribed only unflavored versions. Specifically, Asians commonly report experiencing the bitterness of asenapine because they are more sensitive to bitter tastes than other ethnic groups. In this study, with the aim of improving adherence by reducing the bitterness of asenapine, we investigated the effects of D-sorbitol, which reduced the bitterness parameters of taste sensors in our previous basic study on the bitterness and continuity of asenapine among patients with schizophrenia. METHODS: Twenty adult patients with schizophrenia were included in this single-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Participants rinsed their mouths with single-administration of D-sorbitol or a placebo prior to each administration of asenapine. We then conducted the questionnaires and assessed changes in the bitterness of asenapine (primary end point) and willingness to continue its use (secondary end point). RESULTS: D-sorbitol significantly improved the bitterness of asenapine (p = 0.038). Although it did not significantly increase the willingness to continue asenapine (p = 0.180), it did show improvement over the placebo in enhancing willingness to continue, especially in patients who were not accustomed to its taste. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that single-administration of D-sorbitol significantly reduces the bitterness of asenapine. In countries where flavored asenapine is not available, this finding could benefit patients who were not accustomed to its bitter taste. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study was registered in the Japan Registry of Clinical Trials (jRCTs041210019) on May 14, 2021.

Assembly of Six Types of Heteroleptic Pd2L4 Cages under Kinetic Control.

Heteroleptic assemblies composed of several kinds of building blocks have been seen in nature. It is still unclear how natural systems design and create such complicated assemblies selectively. Past efforts on multicomponent self-assembly of artificial metal-organic cages have mainly focused on finding a suitable combination of building blocks to lead to a single multicomponent self-assembly as the thermodynamically most stable product. Here, we present another approach to selectively produce multicomponent Pd(II)-based self-assemblies under kinetic control based on the selective ligand exchanges of weak Pd-L coordination bonds retaining the original orientation of the metal centers in a kinetically stabilized cyclic structure and on local reversibility given in certain areas of the energy landscape in the presence of the assist molecule that facilitates error correction of coordination bonds. The kinetic approach enabled us to build all six types of Pd2L4 cages and heteroleptic tetranuclear cages composed of three kinds of ditopic ligands. Although the cage complexes thus obtained are metastable, they are stable for 1 month or more at room temperature.

Pathway selection in the self-assembly of Rh4L4 coordination squares under kinetic control.

Pathway selection principles in reversible reaction networks such as molecular self-assembly have not been established yet, because achieving kinetic control in reversible reaction networks is more complicated than in irreversible ones. In this study, we discovered that coordination squares consisting of cis-protected dinuclear rhodium(II) corner complexes and linear ditopic ligands are assembled under kinetic control, perfectly preventing the corresponding triangles, by modulating their energy landscapes with a weak monotopic carboxylate ligand (2,6-dichlorobenzoate: dcb-) as the leaving ligand. Experimental and numerical approaches revealed the self-assembly pathway where the cyclization step to form the triangular complex is blocked by dcb-. It was also found that one of the molecular squares assembled into a dimeric structure owing to the solvophobic effect, which was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray analysis.

Optimal dose for the efficacy of asenapine in patients with schizophrenia: Real-world data.

AIMS: A meta-analysis of short-term studies revealed no significant differences between the doses of asenapine, 10 and 20 mg/day, in the acute treatment of schizophrenia. However, it should be noted that many patients from clinical practice were excluded, and the dose-response to asenapine in a real-world setting is still unclear. Additionally, the dose-response in the maintenance phase is not clear. This study aimed to evaluate the differences in the efficacy of different asenapine doses in patients with maintenance phase of schizophrenia in a real-world setting. METHODS: This study conducted post-marketing surveillance of asenapine in clinical settings in Japan. It followed patients diagnosed with schizophrenia who received asenapine for the first time for a maximum of 52 weeks. These patients were divided into two categories based on their average daily asenapine dosage: ≤10 mg/day and >10 mg/day. Asenapine efficacy was assessed by adjusting for patient demographics using multivariate logistic regression analysis, employing the Clinical Global Impression-Global Improvement (CGI-I) scale, which has seven categories. RESULTS: A total of 2774 patients were included in the analysis. Of these, 1689 and 1085 patients were treated with asenapine ≤10 mg/day and >10 mg/day, respectively. The CGI-I improvement rate was significantly higher in the asenapine >10 group (p = 0.012) after adjusting for patient background factors. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that asenapine doses >10 mg/day may be more effective than 10 mg/day in the treatment of schizophrenia; however, further studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Long-term safety and efficacy of sublingual asenapine for the treatment of schizophrenia: A phase III extension study with follow-up for 52 weeks (P06125)-Secondary publication.

After completion of a 6-week double-blind trial of asenapine sublingual tablets (10 or 20 mg/day) versus placebo in Asian patients with acute exacerbation of schizophrenia, including Japanese patients, this open-label study evaluated the safety and efficacy of a 52-week treatment with asenapine at flexible doses. In 201 subjects, including 44 who had received placebo (P/A group) and 157 who had received asenapine (A/A group) in the feeder trial, adverse events occurred at rates of 90.9% and 85.4% and serious adverse events at rates of 11.4% and 20.4%, respectively. One patient in the P/A group died. No clinically significant abnormal measurements of body weight, body mass index, or glycated hemoglobin, fasting plasma glucose, insulin, and prolactin levels were observed. The sustained efficacy rate, as evaluated by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale total score and other measures, remained at approximately 50% between 6 and 12 months of treatment. These results suggest that long-term treatment with asenapine is well tolerated and provides sustained efficacy.

Theoretical and computational methodologies for understanding coordination self-assembly complexes.

This perspective highlights three theoretical and computational methods to capture the coordination self-assembly processes at the molecular level: quantum chemical modeling, molecular dynamics, and reaction network analysis. These methods cover the different scales from the metal-ligand bond to a more global aspect, and approaches that are best suited to understand the coordination self-assembly from different perspectives are introduced. Theoretical and numerical researches based on these methods are not merely ways of interpreting the experimental studies but complementary to them.

Sensory evaluation of the bitterness of asenapine using D-sorbitol pretreatment: single-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial.

BACKGROUND: Antipsychotics are essential in the acute treatment of and maintenance therapy for schizophrenia, but medication adherence and long-term treatment continuity are needed to maximize their effectiveness. Each antipsychotic has various side effects, which may affect adherence. Some patients with schizophrenia are reluctant to take asenapine because of its unique oral-related side effects, such as the bitter taste caused by sublingual administration. Our previous basic research found that D-sorbitol lowered the bitterness parameters of the taste sensors. However, whether D-sorbitol has the same effect in patients remains unclear. Therefore, using a D-sorbitol solution, we aim to evaluate changes in the bitterness of asenapine among patients with schizophrenia. METHODS: In this single-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial, we plan to recruit 20 adult patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder who take sublingual asenapine tablets. The participants will be divided into two groups (n = 10 each). Each group will be given a D-sorbitol or placebo solution on the first day for rinsing before taking the sublingual asenapine tablets. After a 1-day interval, the participants will rinse their mouths again with a different liquid. Questionnaires regarding changes in taste and the willingness to continue asenapine will be conducted before the start of the study and after each rinse. The primary and secondary end points will be a taste evaluation of bitterness, and the willingness to continue asenapine, respectively. Differences in questionnaire scores between the D-sorbitol and placebo solutions will be calculated and analyzed using a McNemar test. DISCUSSION: This study aims to determine the efficacy of D-sorbitol in masking the bitter taste of asenapine. To our knowledge, it is the first intervention study using D-sorbitol for bitter taste of asenapine in patients with schizophrenia. Evidence of the efficacy of D-sorbitol could result in D-sorbitol pretreatment being an easy and inexpensive means of improving adherence to asenapine. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study was registered in the Japan Registry of Clinical Trials jRCTs041210019, on May 14, 2021. Ethics approval was obtained from the Nagoya University Clinical Research Review Board.

Molecular Dynamics Study on the Structure-Property Relationship of Self-Assembled Gear-Shaped Amphiphile Molecules with/without Methyl Groups.

Gaining insight into the encapsulation mechanism is important for controlling the encapsulation rate toward the self-assembly of gear-shaped amphiphile molecules (GSAs). To this aim, we conducted molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for three different hexameric nanocubes (1612+, 2612+, and 3612+) of GSAs (12+, 22+, and 32+, respectively) to elucidate the quantitative structure-property relationship between the stability of the nanocubes and the rate of encapsulation of a guest molecule. The 12+, 22+, and 32+ monomers differ from each other in the number of methyl groups, having three, zero, and two methyl groups, respectively. The 3612+ hexamer has methyl groups only on the equatorial region. In the cases of the simulations of 1612+ and 3612+, the cubic structures are maintained due to a tight triple-π stacking around the equator region. Meanwhile, 2612+ deforms easily due to the occurrence of a large fluctuation. These results indicate that the methyl groups on the equator are crucial to stabilize the nanocubes. The encapsulation of an iodide ion as a guest molecule is revealed to occur through the pole region via a gap that is easily formed in the nanocubes without methyl groups on the poles. Our study clearly suggests that self-assembled nanocubes can be designed to attain a specific stability and encapsulation efficiency simultaneously.

Kinetically controlled narcissistic self-sorting of Pd(II)-linked self-assemblies from structurally similar tritopic ligands.

Herein, we present the narcissistic self-sorted state from two kinds of structurally similar tritopic ligands with a cis-protected Pd(II) complex, which was generated by both the pathway-dependent process and the proper choice of the leaving ligand. This metastable state could not be attained by simple mixing of all components by heating under thermodynamic control.

Cyclization or bridging: which occurs faster is the key to the self-assembly mechanism of Pd6L3 coordination prisms.

The self-assembly processes of Pd6L3 coordination prisms consisting of cis-protected Pd(II) complexes and porphyrin-based tetratopic ligands with four 3-pyridyl or 4-pyridyl groups (L) were investigated by experimental and numerical methods, QASAP (quantitative analysis of self-assembly process) and NASAP (numerical analysis of self-assembly process), respectively. It was found that contrary to common intuition macrocyclization takes place faster than the bridging reaction in the prism assembly and that the bridging reaction occurring before the macrocyclization tends to produce kinetically trapped species. A numerical simulation demonstrates that the relative magnitude of the rate constants between the macrocyclization and the bridging reaction is the key factor that determines whether the self-assembly leads to the thermodynamically most stable prism or to kinetically trapped species. Finding the key elementary reactions that largely affect the selection of the major assembly pathway is helpful to rationally control the products under kinetic control via modulation of the energy landscape.

Divergence of dose-response with asenapine: a cluster analysis of randomized, double-blind, and placebo control study.

BACKGROUND: Differences in psychiatric background and dose-response to asenapine in patients with schizophrenia were examined based on efficacy and safety, using data obtained in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. METHODS: Patients with schizophrenia were classified into three clusters by a cluster analysis based on the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS) subscores at baseline, using the data from a 6-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. PANSS Marder factor scores were calculated for each cluster. The efficacy of 10 or 20 mg/day of asenapine on PANSS score was used as the primary endpoint, with the incidence of adverse events evaluated as the secondary endpoint. RESULTS: A total of 529 asenapine-treated patients were classified into 3 clusters: Cluster-P with the higher scores in positive symptoms, disorganized thoughts, and hostility/excitement, Cluster-N with higher scores in negative symptoms, and Cluster-L with overall lower scores. In Cluster-N and Cluster-L, both 10 and 20 mg/day groups showed significant improvement in PANSS scores, while only the 20 mg/day group showed a significant difference in Cluster-P. Cluster-N and Cluster-L had differences in the incidence of adverse events, but this was not seen in Cluster-P. CONCLUSIONS: The efficacy and safety of asenapine 10 and 20 mg/day differed between the 3 clusters of patients. This suggests that background information regarding baseline psychiatric symptoms may affect the therapeutic response in patients with schizophrenia.

Unexpected Self-Assembly Pathway to a Pd(II) Coordination Square-Based Pyramid and Its Preferential Formation beyond the Boltzmann Distribution.

Experimental and theoretical investigations of the self-assembly process of a Pd(II) coordination M6L4 square-based pyramid (SP) were conducted. It was found that the probable self-assembly pathway, in which the dimerization of M2L2 with two M leads to SP, expected from the connectivity of the building blocks is not a major self-assembly pathway to the M6L4 SP. Whether the M6L4 SP is assembled or M2L2 is trapped is determined by an inter- or intramolecular reaction in a chain-like M2L2X, where X is a leaving ligand. The kinetically trapped state where the M6L4 SP is produced from M2L2 beyond the Boltzmann distribution was realized by a concentration-induced process and was kept for at least 2 months at 298 K.

Improvement in the appropriate antimicrobial usage for treating pediatric acute otitis media in Japan: A descriptive study using nation-wide electronic medical record data.

OBJECTIVES: We investigated changes in prescriptions for antimicrobial agents to treat children with acute otitis media (AOM). METHODS: A descriptive study using an electronic medical record database. Of 199,896 patients enrolled between 2001 and 2019, a total of 10,797 were aged <16 years and had AOM as their first and primary disease (overall pediatric AOM cohort). In addition, 4786 patients with AOM without other comorbidities (pediatric AOM cohort) were included. RESULTS: In the overall pediatric AOM cohort, the age distribution ranged from 11% to 23% for those younger than 2 years and from 66% to 77% for those younger than 6 years, with no change over time. In the pediatric AOM cohort, the antimicrobial prescription rate was 91% in 2001 but declined to 40% by 2019. Antimicrobial use increased from 0% to 75% for penicillins, whereas use of cephalosporins decreased from 84% to 10%. The prescription rate for acetaminophen alone increased from 33% to 58%. There were no differences in the incidence of adverse reactions among the prescribed antimicrobials. CONCLUSIONS: Due to education efforts and promotion of the proper use of antimicrobials through means such as the Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute otitis media in children (2006) and the Manual of Antimicrobial Stewardship (2016), a change in the use of antimicrobials occurred, leading to a trend to more proper use of these agents.

An Aromatic Oligomer Micelle: Large Enthalpic Stabilization and Selective Oligothiophene Uptake.

An aromatic oligomer micelle, featuring both high stability and high uptake ability, was quantitatively formed in water from amphiphilic oligomers, composed of three bent polyaromatic amphiphiles connected alternately by two hydrophilic chains. The well-defined micelle, with a diameter of ca. 2 nm, remains intact even under highly diluted conditions (ca. 3 µM) and at elevated temperature (>130 °C), due to the polyaromatic chelate effect. The thermodynamic studies reveal that large enthalpic gain (ΔH=-110 kJ mol-1 ) is the key for the micelle formation. The oligomer micelle selectively encapsulates unsubstituted oligothiophenes (≥4-mer) to a high degree and the resultant, aqueous host-guest complexes display unusual emission derived from the multiply stacked oligomers. Furthermore, facile uptake and release of unsubstituted polythiophenes can be achieved using the oligomer micelle.

Genetic background-dependent abnormalities of the enteric nervous system and intestinal function in Kif26a-deficient mice.

The Kif26a protein-coding gene has been identified as a negative regulator of the GDNF-Ret signaling pathway in enteric neurons. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of genetic background on the phenotype of Kif26a-deficient (KO, -/-) mice. KO mice with both C57BL/6 and BALB/c genetic backgrounds were established. Survival rates and megacolon development were compared between these two strains of KO mice. Functional bowel assessments and enteric neuron histopathology were performed in the deficient mice. KO mice with the BALB/c genetic background survived more than 400 days without evidence of megacolon, while all C57BL/6 KO mice developed megacolon and died within 30 days. Local enteric neuron hyperplasia in the colon and functional bowel abnormalities were observed in BALB/c KO mice. These results indicated that megacolon and enteric neuron hyperplasia in KO mice are influenced by the genetic background. BALB/c KO mice may represent a viable model for functional gastrointestinal diseases such as chronic constipation, facilitating studies on the underlying mechanisms and providing a foundation for the development of treatments.

Environmental Effects on Salt Bridge Stability in the Protein-Protein Interface: The Case of Hen Egg-White Lysozyme and Its Antibody, HyHEL-10.

We studied the stability of two salt bridges between hen egg-white lysozyme (HEL) and its antibody, HyHEL-10, by using molecular dynamics simulations. It was observed that one salt bridge, D32H-K97Y, was stable, whereas the other, D99H-K97Y, was not. To understand this difference, we compared several reduced salt bridge models that incorporated the salt bridges and nearby residues. The results showed the importance of nearby residues, especially Y33H and W98H. Furthermore, to understand the effects of nearby salt bridges, we investigated two mutants, D32HA and D99HA. We found that the D32HA mutation considerably stabilized the D99H-K97Y salt bridge. The reduced model analysis indicated that this can be largely attributed to a conformational change of the main chain.

Efficacy Comparison for a Schizophrenia and a Dysuria Drug Among East Asian Populations: A Retrospective Analysis Using Multi-regional Clinical Trial Data.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Multi-regional clinical trials (MRCTs) are an efficient drug development strategy for eliminating drug lag in East Asian countries. In planning MRCTs according to the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use E17 guideline, it is expected that East Asian populations with relatively similar ethnicity can be pooled as one population. However, evidence supporting this assumption is limited. This study aimed to investigate population/regional differences considering influencing factors among East Asian regions using MRCT data as a research model. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted to determine the efficacy of two drugs, asenapine, a schizophrenia drug, and tadalafil, a dysuria drug for benign prostatic hyperplasia, using MRCT data from Japan, Korea, and Taiwan. First, predictive factors and effect modifiers were evaluated. Then, population/regional differences were evaluated using multivariate regression models, with the interaction term Region-by-Treatment group and adjustment for influencing intrinsic/extrinsic factors. RESULTS: Among the 4 outcomes for the two drugs, no significant population/regional differences were detected (P > 0.05) by the adjusted regression models. The effect modifiers, such as pretreatment drug status or concurrent diseases, were common among countries. CONCLUSIONS: No significant population/regional efficacy differences were found for the two drugs among the three regions. This finding supported the possible applicability of the region pooling strategy for MRCTs in East Asia, emphasizing the benefits of exploring ethnic difference/influencing factors at an early stage to design further confirmatory studies. However, further evidence for various drugs should be accumulated.

Coordination Self-Assembly Processes Revealed by Collaboration of Experiment and Theory: Toward Kinetic Control of Molecular Self-Assembly.

The importance of the collaboration of experiment and theory has been proven in many examples in science and technology. Here, such a new example is shown in the investigation of molecular self-assembly process, which is a complicated multi-step chemical reaction occurring in the reaction network composed of a huge number of intermediates. An experimental method, QASAP (quantitative analysis of self-assembly process), developed by us and a numerical approach, NASAP (numerical analysis of self-assembly process), that analyzes the experimental data obtained by QASAP to draw detail molecular self-assembly pathways, which was also developed by us, are introduced, and their application to the investigation of Pd(II)-mediated coordination assemblies are presented. Further, the possibility of the prediction of the outcomes of molecular self-assembly by varying the reaction conditions is also demonstrated. Finally, a future direction in the field of artificial molecular self-assembly based on pathway-dependent self-assembly, that is, kinetic control of molecular self-assembly is discussed.

Towards kinetic control of coordination self-assembly: a case study of a Pd3L6 double-walled triangle to predict the outcomes by a reaction network model.

Numerical analysis of self-assembly process (NASAP) was performed for a [Pd3L6]6+ double-walled triangle (DWT) complex. With a chemical reaction network and a parameter set of the reaction rate constants obtained from a numerical search in an eighteen-dimensional parameter space to obtain a good fit to the data from the experimental counterpart (quantitative analysis of self-assembly process, QASAP), a refined calculation resulted in a detailed time evolution of each molecular species. Analysis based on those clues revealed dominant self-assembly pathways and a balance between inter- and intramolecular reactions, and enabled prediction of the reaction outcomes depending on the initial stoichiometric ratio under kinetic control.